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Google's Search Engine Optimization Starter Guide (part 5) - SEO for Mobile Phones

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V. SEO FOR MOBILE PHONES

1. Notify Google of mobile sites

Configure mobile sites so that they can be indexed accurately

It seems the world is going mobile, with many people using mobile phones on a daily basis, and a large user base searching on Google’s mobile search page. However, as a webmaster, running a mobile site and tapping into the mobile search audience isn't easy. Mobile sites not only use a different format from normal desktop sites, but the management methods and expertise required are also quite different. This results in a variety of new challenges. While many mobile sites were designed with mobile viewing in mind, they weren’t designed to be search friendly.

Here are troubleshooting tips to help ensure that your site is properly crawled and indexed:

Verify that your mobile site is indexed by Google

If your web site doesn't show up in the results of a Google mobile search even using the site: operator, it may be that your site has one or both of the following issues:

1.1. Googlebot may not be able to find your site

Googlebot must crawl your site before it can be included in our search index. If you just created the site, we may not yet be aware of it. If that's the case, create a Mobile Sitemap and submit it to Google to inform us of the site’s existence. A Mobile Sitemap can be submitted using Google Webmaster Tools, just like a standard Sitemap.

1.2. Googlebot may not be able to access your site

Some mobile sites refuse access to anything but mobile phones, making it impossible for Googlebot to access the site, and therefore making the site unsearchable. Our crawler for mobile sites is "Googlebot-Mobile". If you'd like your site crawled, please allow any User-agent including "Googlebot-Mobile" to access your site (2). You should also be aware that Google may change its Useragent information at any time without notice, so we don't recommend checking whether the User-agent exactly matches "Googlebot-Mobile" (the current User-agent). Instead, check whether the Useragent header contains the string "Googlebot-Mobile". You can also use DNS Lookups to verify Googlebot.

Verify that Google can recognize your mobile URLs

Once Googlebot-Mobile crawls your URLs, we then check for whether each URL is viewable on a mobile device. Pages we determine aren't viewable on a mobile phone won't be included in our mobile site index (although they may be included in the regular web index). This determination is based on a variety of factors, one of which is the "DTD (Doc Type Definition)" declaration. Check that your mobile-friendly URLs' DTD declaration is in an appropriate mobile format such as XHTML Mobile or Compact HTML (3). If it's in a compatible format, the page is eligible for the mobile search index. For more information, see the Mobile Webmaster Guidelines.

Glossary

Mobile Sitemap
An XML Sitemap that contains URLs of web pages designed for mobile phones. Submitting the URLs of mobile phone web content to Google notifies us of the existence of those pages and allows us to crawl them.
User-agent
Software and hardware utilized by the user when said user is accessing a website.
XHTML Mobile
XHTML, a markup language redefined via adaptation of HTML to XML, and then expanded for use with mobile phones.
Compact HTML
Markup language resembling HTML; it is used when creating web pages that can be displayed on mobile phones and with PHS and PDA.

Links

Google’s mobile search page
http://www.google.com/m/
site: operator
http://www.google.com/support/webmasters/bin/answer.py?answer=35256
Mobile Sitemap
http://www.google.com/support/webmasters/bin/topic.py?topic=8493
Submitted using Google Webmaster Tools
http://www.google.com/support/webmasters/bin/answer.py?answer=156184
Use DNS Lookups to verify Googlebot
http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2006/09/how-to-verify-googlebot.html
Mobile Webmaster Guidelines
http://www.google.com/support/webmasters/bin/answer.py?answer=72462

2. Guide mobile users accurately

Running desktop and mobile versions of your site

One of the most common problems for webmasters who run both mobile and desktop versions of a site is that the mobile version of the site appears for users on a desktop computer, or that the desktop version of the site appears when someone accesses it on a mobile device. In dealing with this scenario, here are two viable options:

2.1. Redirect mobile users to the correct version

When a mobile user or crawler (like Googlebot-Mobile) accesses the desktop version of a URL, you can redirect them to the corresponding mobile version of the same page. Google notices the relationship between the two versions of the URL and displays the standard version for searches from desktops and the mobile version for mobile searches.

If you redirect users, please make sure that the content on the corresponding mobile/desktop URL matches as closely as possible (1). For example, if you run a shopping site and there's an access from a mobile phone to a desktop-version URL, make sure that the user is redirected to the mobile version of the page for the same product, and not to the homepage of the mobile version of the site. We occasionally find sites using this kind of redirect in an attempt to boost their search rankings, but this practice only results in a negative user experience, and so should be avoided at all costs.

On the other hand, when there's an access to a mobile-version URL from a desktop browser or by our web crawler, Googlebot, it's not necessary to redirect them to the desktop-version. For instance, Google doesn't automatically redirect desktop users from their mobile site to their desktop site; instead they include a link on the mobile version page to the desktop version. These links are especially helpful when a mobile site doesn't provide the full functionality of the desktop version - users can easily navigate to the desktop-version if they prefer.

Glossary

Redirect
Being automatically transported from one specified web page to another specified web page when browsing a website.

2.2. Switch content based on User-agent

Some sites have the same URL for both desktop and mobile content, but change their format according to User-agent. In other words, both mobile users and desktop users access the same URL (i.e. no redirects), but the content/format changes slightly according to the User-agent. In this case, the same URL will appear for both mobile search and desktop search, and desktop users can see a desktop version of the content while mobile users can see a mobile version of the content (2).

However, note that if you fail to configure your site correctly, your site could be considered to be cloaking, which can lead to your site disappearing from our search results. Cloaking refers to an attempt to boost search result rankings by serving different content to Googlebot than to regular users. This causes problems such as less relevant results (pages appear in search results even though their content is actually unrelated to what users see/want), so we take cloaking very seriously.

So what does "the page that the user sees" mean if you provide both versions with a URL? As I mentioned in the previous post, Google uses "Googlebot" for web search and "Googlebot-Mobile" for mobile search. To remain within our guidelines, you should serve the same content to Googlebot as a typical desktop user would see, and the same content to Googlebot-Mobile as you would to the browser on a typical mobile device. It's fine if the contents for Googlebot are different from those for Googlebot-Mobile.

One example of how you could be unintentionally detected as cloaking is if your site returns a message like "Please access from mobile phones" to desktop browsers, but then returns a full mobile version to both crawlers (so Googlebot receives the mobile version). In this case, the page which web search users see (e.g. "Please access from mobile phones") is different from the page which Googlebot crawls (e.g. "Welcome to my site"). Again, we detect cloaking because we want to serve users the same relevant content that Googlebot or Googlebot-Mobile crawled.